ASTM E2277-14
Standard Guide for Design and Construction of Coal Ash Structural Fills

Standard No.

ASTM E2277-14

Release Date

2014

Published By

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

Status

Be replaced

Replace By

ASTM E2277-14(2019)

Latest

ASTM E2277-14(2019)

Scope

4.1 General:

4.1.1 Many CCPs are suitable materials for the construction of engineered structural fills. CCPs may be used as: structural fill for building sites and foundations; embankments for highways and railroads, road bases, dikes, and levees; and in any other application requiring a compacted fill material. Their low unit weight, relatively high shear strength, ease of handling, and compaction make CCPs useful as fill material. However, the specific engineering and environmental properties of these materials can vary from source to source and must be evaluated for each material, or combination of materials, to be used for an engineered structural fill. Information contained in Guide D5759 may be applicable to some CCPs to be used in engineered structural fills. AASHTO Standard Practice PP059-09-UL also addresses the use of coal combustion fly ash in embankments. The requirements for the type of CCPs that can be used for specific engineered structural fills may also vary because of local site conditions or the intended use of the fill, or both. Environmental considerations are addressed in Section 5.

4.1.2 CCPs can be a cost-effective fill material. In many areas, they are available in bulk quantities at a reasonable cost. The use of CCPs conserves other resources and reduces the expenditures required for the purchase, permitting, and operation of a soil borrow pit. CCPs often can be delivered to a job site at near optimum moisture content and generally do not require additional crushing, screening, or processing as compared to comparable native materials.

4.1.3 Use of CCPs conserves natural resources by avoiding extraction or mining of soils, aggregates, or similar fill material that also conserves energy and reduces greenhouse gas emissions.

4.1.4 The volume of beneficially used CCPs preserves valuable landfill space.

4.2 Regulatory Framework:

4.2.1 Federal—Currently, there are no federal regulations addressing the beneficial use of CCPs. States and local jurisdictions have oversight of CCP management and beneficial use activities within their states

4.2.2 State and Local Jurisdictions—Laws and regulations regarding the use of CCPs vary by state and local jurisdictions. It is incumbent upon the project owner and designer to determine any local or state guidance, policies, or regulations pertaining to the use of CCPs.

1.1 This guide covers procedures for the design and construction of engineered structural fills using coal combustion products (CCPs) including but not limited to fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag or other CCPs that can meet the requirements of an engineered fill as described herein. CCPs may be used alone or blended with soils or other suitable materials to achieve desired geotechnical properties.

1.2 This guide describes the unique design and construction considerations that may apply to engineered structural fills constructed of with CCPs that have been adequately characterized as being suitable for this beneficial use.

1.3 Beneficial utilization of CCPs consistent with this standard ......

ASTM E2277-14 Referenced Document

• ASTM C1157 Standard Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement
• ASTM C150/C150M Standard Specification for Portland Cement
• ASTM C1600/C1600M Standard Specification for Rapid Hardening Hydraulic Cement
• ASTM C188 Standard Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement
• ASTM C311 Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement Concrete
• ASTM C593 Standard Specification for Fly Ash and Other Pozzolans for Use With Lime
• ASTM C595/C595M Standard Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
• ASTM C618 Standard Specification for Fly Ash And Raw Or Calcined Natural Pozzolan For Use As A Mineral Admixture In Portland Cement Concrete
• ASTM D1195/D1195M Standard Test Method for Repetitive Static Plate Tests of Soils and Flexible Pavement Components for Use in Evaluation and Design of Airport and Highway Pavements*， 2024-04-20 Update
• ASTM D1196/D1196M Standard Test Method for Nonrepetitive Static Plate Tests of Soils and Flexible Pavement Components for Use in Evaluation and Design of Airport and Highway Pavements*， 2024-04-20 Update
• ASTM D1452 Standard Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling by Auger Borings
• ASTM D1556 Standard Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by the Sand-Cone Method
• ASTM D1557 Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft³ (2,700 kN-m/m³))
• ASTM D1586 Standard Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils
• ASTM D1883 Standard Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of Laboratory-Compacted Soils
• ASTM D2166 Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil
• ASTM D2167 Standard Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by the Rubber Balloon Method
• ASTM D2216 Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
• ASTM D2435 Standard Test Method for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils
• ASTM D2844 Standard Test Method for Resistance R-Value and Expansion Pressure of Compacted Soils
• ASTM D2850 Standard Test Method for Unconsolidated-Undrained Triaxial CompressionTest on Cohesive Soils
• ASTM D2922 Standard Test Methods for Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)
• ASTM D3550 Standard Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel, Drive Sampling of Soils
• ASTM D3877 Standard Test Methods for One-Dimensional Expansion, Shrinkage, and Uplift Pressure of Soil-Lime Mixtures
• ASTM D3987 Standard Test Method for Shake Extraction of Solid Waste with Water
• ASTM D422 Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
• ASTM D4253 Standard test method for maximum index density and unit weight of soil using a shaking table*， 2024-04-20 Update
• ASTM D4254 Standard Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density*， 2024-04-20 Update
• ASTM D4429 Standard Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of Soils in Place
• ASTM D4767 Standard Test Method for Consolidated Undrained Triaxial Compression Test for Cohesive Soils
• ASTM D4959 Standard Test Method for Determination of Water Content of Soil By Direct Heating
• ASTM D4972 Standard Test Method for pH of Soils
• ASTM D5084 Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter
• ASTM D5239 Standard Practice for Characterizing Fly Ash for Use in Soil Stabilization
• ASTM D5550 Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Gas Pycnometer
• ASTM D5759 Standard Guide for Characterization of Coal Fly Ash and Clean Coal Combustion Fly Ash for Potential Uses
• ASTM D653 Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
• ASTM D698 Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft³ (600 kN-m/m³))
• ASTM D7181 Standard Test Method for Consolidated Drained Triaxial Compression Test for Soils
• ASTM D75 Standard Practice for Sampling Aggregates
• ASTM D854 Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by the Water Displacement Method
• ASTM E2201 Standard Terminology for Coal Combustion Products
• ASTM G51 Standard Test Method for Measuring pH of Soil for Use in Corrosion Testing
• ASTM G57 Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Soil Resistivity Using the Wenner Four-Electrode Method

ASTM E2277-14 history

• 2019 ASTM E2277-14(2019) Standard Guide for Design and Construction of Coal Ash Structural Fills
• 2014 ASTM E2277-14 Standard Guide for Design and Construction of Coal Ash Structural Fills
• 2003 ASTM E2277-03 Standard Guide for Design and Construction of Coal Ash Structural Fills