ASTM E384-10e1
Standard Test Method for Knoop and Vickers Hardness of Materials
- Standard No.
- ASTM E384-10e1
- Release Date
- 2010
- Published By
- American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
- Status
- Replace By
- ASTM E384-10e2
- Latest
- ASTM E384-22
- Scope
4.1 Hardness tests have been found to be very useful for materials evaluation, quality control of manufacturing processes and research and development efforts. Hardness, although empirical in nature, can be correlated to tensile strength for many metals, and is an indicator of wear resistance and ductility.
4.2 Microindentation hardness tests extend testing to materials that are too thin or too small for macroindentation hardness tests. Microindentation hardness tests also allow specific phases or constituents and regions or gradients too small for macroindentation hardness testing to be evaluated.
4.3 Because the Knoop and Vickers hardness will reveal hardness variations that may exist within a material, a single test value may not be representative of the bulk hardness.
The Vickers indenter usually produces a geometrically similar indentation at all test forces. Except for tests at very low forces that produce indentations with diagonals smaller than about 25 μm, the hardness number will be essentially the same as produced by Vickers machines with test forces greater than 1 kgf, as long as the material being tested is reasonably homogeneous. For isotropic materials, the two diagonals of a Vickers indentation are equal in size. Recommendations for low force microindentation testing can be found in Appendix X5.
The Knoop indenter does not produce a geometrically similar indentation as a function of test force. Consequently, the Knoop hardness will vary with test force. Due to its rhombic shape, the indentation depth is shallower for a Knoop indentation compared to a Vickers indentation under identical test conditions. The two diagonals of a Knoop indentation are markedly different. Ideally, the long diagonal is 7.114 times longer than the short diagonal, but this ratio is influenced by elastic recovery. Thus, the Knoop indenter is very useful for evaluating hardness gradients or thin coatings of sectioned samples.
1.1 This test method covers determination of the Knoop and Vickers hardness of materials, the verification of Knoop and Vickers hardness testing machines, and the calibration of standardized Knoop and Vickers test blocks.
1.2 This test method covers Knoop and Vickers hardness tests made utilizing test forces in micro (9.807 × 10-3 to 9.807 N ) ( 1 to 1000 gf ) and macro (>9.807 to 1176.68 N) ( >1kg to 120 kgf ) ranges.
Note 18212;Previous versions of this standard limited test forces to 9.807 N (1 kg).
1.3 This test method includes all of the requirements to perform macro Vickers hardness tests as previously defined in Test Method E92, Standard Test Method for Vickers Hardness Testing.
1.4 This test method includes an analysis of the possible sources of errors that can occur during Knoop and Vickers testing and how these factors affect the accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility of test results.
Note 28212;While Committee E04 is primarily concerned with metals, the test procedures described are applicable to other materials.
1.5 Units8212;When Knoop and Vickers hardness tests were developed, the force levels were specified in units of grams (gf) and kilograms-force (kgf). This standard specifies the units of force and length in the International System of Units (SI); that is, force in Newtons (N) and length in mm or μm. However, because of the historical precedent and continued common usage, force values in gf and kgf units are provided for information and much of the discussion in this standard as well as the method of rep......
ASTM E384-10e1 Referenced Document
- ASTM C1326 Standard Test Method for Knoop Indentation Hardness of Advanced Ceramics
- ASTM C1327 Standard Test Method for Vickers Indentation Hardness of Advanced Ceramics
- ASTM E122 Standard Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With a Specified Tolerable Error, the Average for Characteristic of a Lot or Process
- ASTM E140 Standard Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, and Scleroscope Hardness
- ASTM E175 Standard Terminology of Microscopy
- ASTM E177 Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
- ASTM E29 Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
- ASTM E3 Standard Practice for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
- ASTM E691 Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
- ASTM E7 Standard Terminology Relating to Metallography
- ASTM E74 Standard Practices for Calibration and Verification for Force-Measuring Instruments
- ASTM E766 Standard Practice for Calibrating the Magnification of a Scanning Electron Microscope
- ASTM E92 Standard Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Materials
- ISO 6507-1 Metallic materials — Vickers hardness test — Part 1: Test method
- ISO/IEC 17011 Conformity assessment — Requirements for accreditation bodies accrediting conformity assessment bodies*， 2024-04-19 Update
- ISO/IEC 17025 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories [Standard in French]
ASTM E384-10e1 history
- 2022 ASTM E384-22 Standard Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials
- 2017 ASTM E384-17 Standard Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials
- 2016 ASTM E384-16 Standard Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials
- 2011 ASTM E384-11e1 Standard Test Method for Knoop and Vickers Hardness of Materials
- 2011 ASTM E384-11 Standard Test Method for Knoop and Vickers Hardness of Materials
- 2010 ASTM E384-10e2 Standard Test Method for Knoop and Vickers Hardness of Materials
- 2010 ASTM E384-10e1 Standard Test Method for Knoop and Vickers Hardness of Materials
- 2010 ASTM E384-10 Standard Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials
- 2009 ASTM E384-09 Standard Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials
- 2008 ASTM E384-08ae1 Standard Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials
- 2008 ASTM E384-08a Standard Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials
- 2008 ASTM E384-08 Standard Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials
- 2007 ASTM E384-07a Standard Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials
- 2007 ASTM E384-07 Standard Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials
- 2006 ASTM E384-06 Standard Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials
- 2005 ASTM E384-05a Standard Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials
- 2005 ASTM E384-05 Standard Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials
- 1999 ASTM E384-99e1 Standard Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials
- 1999 ASTM E384-99 Standard Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials
