This study was designed to estimate the cost of U.S. environmental regulations to the petroleum industry--the sum of out-of-pocket and certain opportunity costs@ regardless of whether costs are passed on to users. Most of the estimated costs are part of the petroleum industry operations in the United States@ but some of the cost may be incurred elsewhere. For example@ the cost of desulfurization of fuel oil for consumption in the United States is Included@ regardless of where the desulfurization is actually done. For this study@ the petroleum industry is defined as all industry sectors: exploration@ production@ transportation@ refining@ distribution@ and marketing. The drilling of gas wells has been included as part of the petroleum exploration and production. Natural gas gathering@ treatment@ storage@ and transmission as well as gas processing plants and petrochemicals manufacture are excluded. Sulfur plants located at refineries are included@ but sulfur plants associated with gas processing are not. Sulfuric acid plants associated with refineries are excluded. Likewise car wash and turnpike resturant operations are excluded.
API PUBL 4324-1980 history
1980API PUBL 4324-1980 THE COST OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS TO THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY