Introduction The first airframe did not have fasteners.1 Fasteners specifically for airframes were invented and have evolved as new material types have migrated into the airframe. A cycle of increasing material types combined to drive requirements for increasing fastener types. Therefore@ to understand why airframes have holes@ it is essential to understand the link between airframe material and fasteners. Figure 1.1 illustrates the continuous design improvement cycle and its effect on materials@ tolerances@ and fasteners that drives manufacturing complexity and change. Development of new material types always has enabled the invention or advancement of technology. The history of the modern airframe and its manufacturability is also linked to development of new types of material. The invention and evolution of the airframe fastener and the technology to facilitate its installation is the result of introducing new materials onto the airframe. Airframes are the most critical part of the airplane. An airframe can perform controlled flight without an engine (gliders). An engine cannot perform controlled flight without elements of the airframe. However@ engines and airframes have a symbiotic relationship@ and their histories are inextricably linked. More powerful engines are a prime motivator that drives the search for better materials@ which drives fastener and manufacturing development. 1. The first airframe did have screws and nails.
SAE R-416-2013 history
2013SAE R-416-2013 Automated/ Mechanized Drilling and Countersinking of Airframes