Introduction As the international security situation continues to evolve@ different responses from security alliances are required. While military operations utilizing acts of force or threat thereof to deter or coerce an adversary remain necessary@ military forces may also be used to support humanitarian goals. NATO forces must therefore be able to employ and coordinate a complex integration of lethal and non-lethal actions in the midst of a variety of threat environments in a wide range of operations. A well-developed@ flexible targeting process is required so that NATO joint forces can successfully carry out actions authorised by the North Atlantic Council (NAC)@ as directed by the strategic commander (SC) and executed by the JFC. At the operational level@ targeting focuses on determining specific actions to take@ lethal and non-lethal@ to create the desired effects and realize the JFC's operational objectives. While carrying out an action on a target remains a tactical event@ the effect must be relevant to the JFC's operational objectives.